Ifigenia Stylianou
Abstract
Introduction: Bullying and victimization have long-term consequences on mental health. Cognitive interventions are among the recommended, but there is limited research investigating the effect of cognitive strategies on bullying and their reciprocal interactions. The aims of the study were to (a) test the extent to which adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) are used by adolescents who get involved in bullying incidents and (b) examine the bidirectional reciprocal effect between bullying, victimization and CERS using a cross-lagged design. Methods: Five hundred sixty adolescents aged 15-18 from Cyprus participated in this longitudinal study with three time points over a year (every four months) and completed among other questionnaires, the Bullying Victimization Questionnaire Revised (BVQ-R) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The cross-lagged design allowed examination of the long-term reciprocal interactions between bullying and CERS, using Mplus 7.3 Conclusions: The findings supported the unidirectional effect of maladaptive CERS on long-term victimization and bullying. This supports that training on CERS and CBT informed challenging of cognitive distortions about self-blame could be protective, especially against long-term victimization. Results: Results indicated that with regard to the frequency of CERS used, significant differences existed only for self-blame and catastrophizing (higher for victims), as well as others-blame (higher for bully/victims). The cross-lagged longitudinal model with continuous variables showed good fit, with χ2(230)=885.755, p<.001, CFI=.962, TLI=.916, RMSEA=.062. Long-term victimization was consistently significantly predicted by the use of maladaptive CERS, with emphasis on self-blame, rumination and catastrophizing, whereas the reverse relationship was not supported. Long-term bullying at time three was significantly predicted by use of others-blame at time two, and again no reciprocal effect was detected.